Grep Regular Expression

A regular expression or regex is a pattern that matches a set of strings. A pattern consists of operators, constructs literal characters, and meta-characters, which have special meaning. GNU grep supports three regular expression syntaxes, Basic, Extended, and Perl-compatible.

In its simplest form, when no regular expression type is given, grep interpret search patterns as basic regular expressions. To interpret the pattern as an extended regular expression, use the -E ( or –extended-regexp) option.

In GNU’s implementation of grep there is no functional difference between the basic and extended regular expression syntaxes. The only difference is that in basic regular expressions the meta-characters ?, +, {, |, (, and ) are interpreted as literal characters. To keep the meta-characters’ special meanings when using basic regular expressions, the characters must be escaped with a backslash (\). We will explain the meaning of these and other meta-characters later.

Generally, you should always enclose the regular expression in single quotes to avoid the interpretation and expansion of the meta-characters by the shell.

Literal Matches

The most basic usage of the grep command is to search for a literal character or series of characters in a file. For example, to display all the lines containing the string “bash” in the /etc/passwd file, you would run the following command:

• grep bash /etc/passwd

The output should look something like this:

• root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
• nexonhost:x:1000:1000:nexonhost:/home/nexonhost:/bin/bash

In this example, the string “bash” is a basic regular expression that consists of a four literal characters. This tells grep to search for a string that has a “b” immediately followed by “a”, “s”, and “h”.

By default, the grep command is case sensitive. This means that the uppercase and lowercase characters are treated as distinct.

To ignore case when searching, use the -i option (or –ignore-case).

It is important to note that grep looks for the search pattern as a string, not a word. So if you were searching for “gnu”, grep will also print the lines where “gnu” is embedded in larger words, such as “cygnus” or “magnum”.

If the search string includes spaces, you need to enclose it in single or double quotation marks:

• grep “Gnome Display Manager” /etc/passwd

Anchoring

Anchors are meta-characters that that allow you to specify where in the line the match must be found.

The ^ (caret) symbol matches the empty string at the beginning of a line. In the following example, the string “linux” will match only if it occurs at the very beginning of a line.

• grep ‘^linux’ file.txt

The $ (dollar) symbol matches the empty string at the beginning of a line. To find a line that ends with the string “linux”, you would use:

• grep ‘linux$’ file.txt

You can also construct a regular expression using both anchors. For example, to find lines containing only “linux”, run:

• grep ‘^linux$’ file.txt

Another useful example is the ^$ pattern that matches all empty lines.

Matching Single Character

The . (period) symbol is a meta-character that matches any single character. For example, to match anything that begins with “kan” then has two characters and ends with the string “roo”, you would use the following pattern:

• grep ‘kan..roo’ file.txt

Bracket Expressions

Bracket expressions allows match a group of characters by enclosing them in brackets []. For example, find the lines that contain “accept” or “accent”, you could use the following expression:

• grep ‘acce[np]t’ file.txt

If the first character inside the brackets is the caret ^, then it matches any single character not enclosed in the brackets. The following pattern will match any combination of strings starting with “co” followed by any letter except “l” followed by “la”, such as “coca”, “cobalt” and so on, but will not match the lines containing “cola”:

• grep ‘co[^l]a’ file.txt

Instead of placing characters one by one, you can specify a range of characters inside the brackets. A range expression is constructed by specifying the first and last characters of the range separated by a hyphen. For example, [a-a] is equivalent to [abcde] and [1-3] is equivalent to [123].

The following expression matches each line that starts with a capital letter:

• grep ‘^[A-Z]’ file.txt

grep also support predefined classes of characters that are enclosed in brackets. The following table shows some of the most common character classes:

For a complete list of all character classes check the Grep manual .

Quantifiers

Quantifiers allow you to specify the number of occurrences of items that must be present for a match to occur. The following table shows the quantifiers supported by GNU grep:

The * (asterisk) character matches the preceding item zero or more times. The following will match “right”, “sright” “ssright” and so on:

• grep ‘s*right’

Below is more advanced pattern that matches all lines that starts with capital letter and ends with either period or comma. The .* regex matches any number of any characters:

• grep -E ‘^[A-Z].*[.,]$’ file.txt

The ? (question mark) character makes the preceding item optional and it can match only once. The following will match both “bright” and “right”. The ? character is escaped with a backslash because we’re using basic regular expressions:

• grep ‘b\?right’ file.txt

Here is the same regex using extended regular expression:

• grep -E ‘b?right’ file.txt

The + (plus) character matches the preceding item one or more times. The following will match “sright” and “ssright”, but not “right”:

• grep -E ‘s+right’ file.txt

The brace characters {} allows you to specify the exact number, an upper or lower bound or a range of occurrences that must occur for a match to happen.

The following matches all integers that have between 3 and 9 digits:

• grep -E ‘[[:digit:]]{3,9}’ file.txt

Alternation

The term alternation is a simple “OR”. The alternation operator | (pipe) allows you to specify different possible matches that can be literal strings or expression sets. This operator has the lowest precedence of all regular expression operators.

In the example below, we are searching for all occurrences of the words fatal, error, and critical in the Nginx log error file:

• grep ‘fatal\|error\|critical’ /var/log/nginx/error.log

If you use the extended regular expression, then the operator | should not be 
escaped, as shown below:

• grep -E ‘fatal|error|critical’ /var/log/nginx/error.log

Grouping

Grouping is a feature of the regular expressions that allows you to group patterns together and reference them as one item. Groups are created using parenthesis ().

When using basic regular expressions, the parenthesis must be escaped with a backslash (\).

The following example matches both “fearless” and “less”. The ? quantifier makes the (fear) group optional:

• grep -E ‘(fear)?less’ file.txt

Special Backslash Expressions

GNU grep includes several meta-characters that consist of a backslash followed by a regular character. The following table shows some of the most common special backslash expressions:

The following pattern will match separate words “abject” and “object”. It will not match the words if embedded in larger words:

• grep ‘\b[ao]bject\b’ file.txt

Conclusion

Regular expressions are used in text editors, programming languages, and command-line tools such as grep, sed, and awk . Knowing how to construct regular expressions can be very helpful when searching text files, writing scripts, or filtering command output.